دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی پایداری مصرف انرژی در میان استان چین از سایت ISI

دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین پایداری مصرف انرژی در میان استان چین از سایت الزویر

عنوان فارسی مقاله:

آیا مصرف انرژی در میان استان های چین پایدار است؟

عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:

Is energy utilization among Chinese provinces sustainable?

سال انتشار : 2016

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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:

2. Methodology 

2.1. DEA model and SBM model The DEA model provides a way to compare the efficiencies of similar units. Consequently, a producer can reduce resource wastage by improving efficiency. DEA can effectively address complex decisionmaking problems with multiple inputs and outputs, by evaluating relative effectiveness. The basic DEA model involves a linear programming model to minimize the input–output ratio, which ranges from zero (worst) to 1 (best) when compared with other DMUs (Decision Making Units). This technique has been applied extensively by banks, hospitals, etc. In general, technical efficiency refers to pure technical efficiency multiplied by scale efficiency, where pure technical efficiency is production efficiency as influenced by company scale. Introducing technical efficiency is a comprehensive way to measure a DMU's ability to configure resources and use them effectively. A technical efficiency value of 1 indicates that the input and output of this DMU are comprehensively efficient, i.e., both technical efficiency and scale efficiency are efficient. A pure efficiency value of 1 indicates that the use of input resources is efficient, while the scale is inefficient. Therefore, the critical point of a DMU's reformation is to improve its efficiency of scale. The DEA method has advantages and disadvantages in both implementation and application. Firstly, because DEA is a non-parametric method, errors have less effect on model parameter estimation. Additionally, while functions are not required for production, cost, and profit, they can be widely used in situations where the relationship between inputs and outputs is unclear. Secondly, DEA applies LP rather than the more familiar method of least squares regression analysis. On the other hand, DEA cannot be applied to situations where the relationship between inputs and outputs is negative. In accordance with the serious environmental problems faced by today's society, we need to consider the undesirable outputs of our production and operating activities. However, traditional DEA models assume that higher efficiency means more outputs and fewer inputs. In consideration of undesirable outputs, more inputs should be relative to more positive outputs and less negative inputs. Based on the traditional DEA model, Tone (2004) presented a modified a SBM of effi- ciencies to deal with the problem of undesirable outputs. The basic SBM model, based on the DEA model, is shown as follows: Min δ ¼ 1− 1 m Xm i¼1 s− i xi0 1 þ 1 s Xs r¼1 sþ r . yr0 s:t: xi0 ¼ Xn j¼1 xijλj þ s − i i ¼ 1;…; m yr0 ¼ Xn j¼1 yrjλj−s þ i r ¼ 1;…; s λj ≥ 0; s − i ≥ 0; s þ r ≥ 0 j ¼ 1; …; n; i ¼ 1;…; m;r ¼ 1…; s ð1Þ Where s + and s − indicate the input excess and output shortfall respectively, when compared with efficient DMUs. These coefficients are called slacks. Compared with the traditional DEA model, the advantages of the SBM model are: 1) the SBM is non-radial and non-oriented to avoid errors from a single angle; 2) input and output slacks directly reflect the inefficiency of activities; 3) SBM will sort the DMUs whose efficiencies are all 1.

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کلمات کلیدی:

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