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عنوان فارسی مقاله:

دستیابی به پایداری محیطی: مورد برای همکاری چند لایه در میان رشته ها و بازیکنان

عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:

Achieving environmental sustainability: The case for multi-layered collaboration across disciplines and players

سال انتشار : 2017

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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:

2. Environmental sustainability demands and legitimacy pressures 

The discourses of environmental sustainability touch corporations, NGOs, and governments in many ways. Corporations are the key vehicles of wealth creation, employment, and source of products for consumers. Governments are involved in ES because they set the rules of economic and political engagement over ecological and social issues. They provide infrastructure and governance services for production - raw material, emissions and waste, consumer safety, and international coordination. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have arisen, especially in developing countries, to become a third sector that adds capacity for delivering social and ecological programs to wider audiences than can be reached by government and corporate sectors. Environmental sustainability implies an understanding that the economic needs of a given group or society cannot lead to the unlimited depletion of natural resources necessary to attain those same needs for all. That is why ES imposes strict demands on economic activities. 2.1. Environmental sustainability requires control of carbon There is emerging scientific consensus that sustainability will require reducing carbon accumulations to avoid global warming. Corporations are the main vehicle for material conversion and source of carbon. ES requires reform of corporate production and consumption practices to reduce their carbon footprint and emissions (Pachauri, 2008). NGOs in the environmental and consumer education sectors impact carbon footprints by supporting carbon efficient products and technologies, educating consumers, and addressing social barriers to carbon-intensive practices. Governments impact carbon footprint by regulating extraction and use of raw materials including fuels, subsidizing low carbon technologies while taxing carbon intensive ones, and also by allowing strategic carbon-intensive industries to maintain their business models in order to keep jobs and revenues in the short-term and by ignoring calls for the urgent curb on carbon emissions. 2.2. Environmental sustainability involves maintaining “stocks” of natural resources Extracting resources from natural systems must be limited within the carrying capacity of ecosystems, in order to avoid their collapse. There are natural limits to extraction and growth. Corporations need to find business models that are not premised on unrestricted and eternal growth (Daly and Farley, 2010; Daly, 2007; Pachauri, 2008). NGOs typically operate closer to on-the-ground realities of development issues than the government. Their presence among the people who are recipients of development services implicates them in natural resource issues in very personal and physically proximate ways. They play a central role as protectors or monitors of environmental resources. Government agencies directly control natural resource exploitation through laws and regulations pertaining to mining and extractive industries, agriculture and animal husbandry practices, and harvesting of forest and marine ecosystems. They are responsible to keep the balance between exploitation of natural resources and protection of jobs and investments.

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کلمات کلیدی:

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