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عنوان فارسی مقاله:

مقام PhD در صنعت اسپانیایی: عوامل تعیین کننده شغلی در تولید در مقابل شرکت های غیر تولیدی

عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:

PhD careers in Spanish industry: Job determinants in manufacturing versus non-manufacturing firms

سال انتشار : 2015

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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:

2. PhD careers in industry: a literature review 

Scientific knowledge is widely recognized to be highly important for technological advancement and economic development (Gibbons and Johnston, 1975; Mansfield, 1991; Rosenberg, 1992). Firms that rely on science can obtain multiple advantages that include, among other things, speedy access to new discoveries (Stern, 2004). To take advantage of this knowledge, firms are required to recruit scientists who are capable of producing it. Although their recruitment is traditionally justified in the early stages of the innovation process, recent studies have demonstrated that scientists can also play important roles downstream in this process (Herrera and Nieto, 2015). Thus, scientists' roles in firms are not only linked to exploration but also to knowledge exploitation activities (Rothaermel and Hess, 2007). The literature has also recognized that PhDs possess different types of knowledge and skills that go far beyond the general background of their discipline and that can be useful to firms in carrying out their different activities (Zellner, 2003; Luo et al., 2009; Teirlinck and Spithoven, 2013). According to Zellner (2003), these non-specific knowledge skills are related to capabilities to formulate, structure and solve a diverse range of problems. The scientists analyzed in his study recognized that these skills were of more value for work in the commercial sector than those derived from their specific knowledge. As a result, these new roles and skills have opened the possibility for PhDs to find jobs outside of the sciencedriven industries, thus increasing the labor market complexity in the private sector. Studies that have analyzed the determinants of PhDs' careers in the private sector are scarce and have traditionally focused on samples of doctoral students. Recent studies cast doubt on the analysis of PhD student preferences as the most suitable method for understanding the complex processes leading to a PhD's career choice. According to Sauermann and Roach (2012), PhD students manifested different interests at the beginning compared with the end of their graduate program; consequently, it is extremely difficult to forecast exactly what sector they will end up working in. Nevertheless, the literature has advanced and recognized that academic and non-academic factors exist that exert an influence on PhDs' early interest to work in the private sector.2 In connection with academic issues, the knowledge field has primarily been analyzed along with the grants received, the collaborations established with the private sector and the duration of the PhD training. Among these factors, the knowledge field ranked as perhaps the most important factor. Different authors seem to agree that doctorates who worked in industry had carried out PhD training in areas whose commercial applications are more visible, such as science or engineering (Roach and Sauermann, 2010; Fritsch and Krabel, 2012; Sauermann and Roach, 2014). Studies have also established the impact of the research type that doctorates accomplished during their PhD training. For example, individuals who were more interested in applied research and development found a research career in established firms to be more attractive (Fritsch and Krabel, 2012). Conversely, individuals with a strong “taste for science” corresponded with those with a strong preference for research freedom, a high degree of publishing ability and a desire to conduct basic research, and these scientists preferred to follow careers in academia as opposed to careers in industry (Roach and Sauermann, 2010).

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کلمات کلیدی:

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