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عنوان فارسی مقاله:

ساختار فیزیکی اقتصاد شهری - ارزیابی مقایسه ای

عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:

The physical structure of urban economies — Comparative assessment

سال انتشار : 2015

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2. Methodology

 The physical structure of an urban economy is described by the material throughput of that economy. These flows can be organized in: inputs — domestic extraction of resources, imports of raw materials and products; consumption — intermediate and final consumption; addition to stock — accumulation of materials in the system; outputs — emissions and wastes, exports of raw materials and products. The structure of statistical records does not generally include data at urban level; consequently the accounting involves estimating values from existing data, usually at higher scales (namely regional or country level). Niza et al. (2009) and Rosado et al. (2013) developed a method to account and disaggregate urban flows using data produced for several scales. The method is based on EUROSTAT's economy-wide material flow accounting (EUROSTAT, 2001), and requires detailed statistics, particularly at the urban area level (e.g., metropolitan area), such as international trade statistics: to the urban area; transport statistics: within the urban area and between the urban area and other regions of the country; industrial production statistics; mineral extraction; agricultural harvest; forestry; fisheries; industrial waste; municipal solid waste and emissions. While some of these statistics are available for different urban areas around the world, transport statistics are not easily available, making it difficult to know which materials and products are imported from the rest of the country. These constraints constituted the motivation for developing a new method based on national or regional monetary input– output tables. These tables are organized in most countries by national statistical offices following conventions laid down by the System of National Accounts (SNA) for compilation of statistical economic data. According to the SNA the economy is organized as a set of institutional sectors, legal entities with liabilities of physical assets which engage in transactions. Critical institutional sectors are households, government and firms. In this work, IO tables provided by OECD,1 for their member countries and 15 other countries, were used. For each country, both domestic and import tables were used, to better reflect the flows of mass and money from other countries' economic sectors to the national economy and also within the national economy. Generally, these tables were published for the years 1995, 2000 and 2005 and describe transactions between 37 economic sectors. All institutional sectors purchase commodities, also known as goods and services, while firms, organized as activities or economic sectors also produce commodities. Activities also purchase primary factor services, such as labor and capital, which in turn are used by institutional sectors. Finally, there are transactions between different institutional sectors in the domestic economy and also between them and the rest of the world. The estimation of the urban metabolism through the streamlined UM model proposed in this paper comprises 5 main steps: 1. Estimation of material extraction and imports/exports of products at the national scale; 2. Allocation of the products and materials to the economic sectors that produce them; 3. Decomposition of products and materials to 28 material categories; 4. Calculation of the flow of materials across economic sectors using input–output tables and estimating the mass content for each material and sector (kg per monetary unit); 5. Downscaling results to the urban area through scaling factors.

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کلمات کلیدی:

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