دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی اثر بحران اقتصادی بر سازمان تحقیقاتی از سایت ISI

دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین اثر بحران اقتصادی بر سازمان تحقیقاتی از سایت الزویر

عنوان فارسی مقاله:

تأثیر بحران اقتصادی بر تحقیقات عمومی: سیاست های بودجه اسپانیایی و سازمان های تحقیقاتی

عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:

The effects of the economic crisis on public research: Spanish budgetary policies and research organizations

سال انتشار : 2015

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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:

2. Previous studies

 Most analyses have focused either on the macro level, monitoring the evolution of the figures on R&D expenditure, or on the understanding of firms' investment behaviour in relation to R&D; such studies are either very general analyses with modelling linked to abstract theory or descriptive analyses with basic indicators directly related to R&D activities. Much of the literature in the area of understanding the effects of the ups and downs in economic growth refers to company behaviour and investment in R&D. Much of this work has been related to the literature on business cycles. For example, Comin and Gertler (2006) and Barlevy (2007) provide insights into the pro-cyclicality of R&D investments in recent decades. More recently the OECD (2009) has made it clear that private investments in innovation are mainly procyclical and decrease significantly during economic downturns. In the same vein, Archibugi and colleagues (Archibugi and Filippetti, 2011; Filippetti and Archibugi, 2011; Archibugi et al., 2013) have found evidence to support the notion that the 2008–2009 global crisis has negatively affected European companies' investment in innovation and reduced aggregate private investments in R&D. However some other evidence (Cincera et al., 2012) suggests the existence of different types of company responses, including a group of firms that increase their R&D investments in years of crisis with the expectation of gathering the benefits of the upswing to come. Similar types of findings are available for firms in Latin American countries (Paunov, 2012) or in Eastern Europe (Correa and Iootty, 2011). Additionally, some recent research has found evidence that location and regions matter in explaining the resilience of company R&D investments during the crisis (Holl and Rama, submitted for publication; Cruz-Castro et al., 2015). International organizations (OECD, the World Bank) and the European Union have developed several normative arguments stating that, in periods of economic crisis, governments and countries should invest (and spend) more on research, development and innovation, as a way of creating solid foundations and to prepare for the next cycle of growth, and also as a way of compensating for the reduction of private investment. This countercyclical normative statement on the uses of government R&D budgets informs much of the public political discourse on the role of R&D in the competitive advantage of nations but, when confronted with reality, does not find much empirical support. The current management of the crisis reveals that most governments disassociate themselves from their own normative discourses. In fact, the empirical literature on the effects of the crisis on science policies, R&D government budgets and on public research organizations is less abundant than that analysing private investment in R&D. A recent contribution from Kim (2014), using data on the Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD) funded by governments under the analytical framework of the varieties of capitalism (Hall and Soskice, 2001), argues that in the long term (1981–2009) the countries that fit in the “Coordinated Market Economies” type (Scandinavia, Germany, Japan, etc.) have used R&D funded by government in a countercyclical way, while this has not been the case in “Liberal Market Economies” (Anglo-Saxon) and “Mixed Market Economies” (France and Southern European countries). However the data used by Kim, while allowing the monitoring of the cycles in private investment and the public funding of private R&D, does not allow the monitoring of the budgetary effort of countries in support of the R&D system, which is in fact the most direct measurement of government behaviour.

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